Freiburg, a city in southern Germany, has spent over 30 years building one of the world’s best examples of sustainable urban living. After World War II, the city focused on smart rebuilding, keeping its tram network and green spaces. In the 1970s, citizen opposition to nuclear power led to strong public support for renewable energy and eco-friendly planning.
Freiburg’s two new neighbourhoods—Vauban and Rieselfeld—house 17,500 people and were built on old military and industrial land. Both focus on low-energy housing, solar power, and public transport. Vauban is almost car-free: 70% of households don’t own a car, and parking is only available outside the district for a fee. Tram and bus networks connect most residents to the city within walking distance.
The city prioritises walking, biking, and public transit, with just 32% of land used for buildings and roads. The rest is forest, farmland, and recreation. Freiburg’s climate plan aims to cut carbon emissions 40% by 2030 (from 1992 levels), with eco-friendly buildings, water-saving designs, and citizen involvement.
Citizens play a big role in shaping the city—helping decide budgets, planning, and policies. Projects are often led by local groups or co-operatives. Most homes are rented at affordable prices, and many are self-built, lowering costs. The city also supports green industries, research, and eco-tourism.
Despite early pushback from car users and developers, Freiburg’s success came from steady planning, citizen support, and strong political leadership. The city earns enough from selling plots to cover infrastructure costs without needing public money. Its model of compact, car-light, people-first living is now studied and copied around the world.
